Advanta India Limited Expanding International Presence Via Extensive Research and Development

ADVANTA INDIA LIMITED 1  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied T ABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Executive Summary: Advanta India Limited 2. Advanta India Limited Business Overview Introduction Expertise Product 2. 1 2. 2 Major Investments in the Company Evolution 2. 3 Ownership Structure 2. 4 3. Corporate Timeline Advanta India Limited Organisational Structure Advanta India Limited Products Portfolio 3. 1 3. 2 Field Crops 3. 3 4. Oil Seeds Vegetable Crops Advanta India Limited Financial and Operational Performance 4. 1 4. 2Advanta India Limited Geographical Revenue Segmentation, FY’2011 and FY’2012 4. 3 5. Valuation Analysis and Financial Summary DCF (Discounted Cash Flow) Valuationa and Upside Potential Advanta India Limited Annotated Stock Chart and Analyst Recommendations 5. 1. Advanta India Limited Annotated Stock Price Performance 5. 2. Analyst Recommendations Expected Bullish Stock Performance Buy Recommendation in Long term Expectation of E arning Growth 6. SWOT Analysis Strengths 2  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied WeaknessesOpportunities Threats 7. Advanta India Limited Key Professionals 7. 1. Board of Directors Profile 7. 2. Management Profile 8. Macro Analysis of Seed Industry 8. 1. Indian Hybrid Seed Industry Overview and Size, FY’2008- FY’2012 8. 1. 1 Indian Hybrid Seed Industry Segmentation, FY’2012 8. 1. 2 Market Share of Major Players in the Indian Hybrid Seed Market, FY’2012 8. 2 Australian Seed Industry Market Size, FY’2008-FY’2012 8. 3 Argentina Seed Industry Market Size, FY’2008-FY’-2012 9 Competitive Analysis 9. 1 By Products Offered/Revenue/Business Strategy 9. 2By Financial Performance (Topline/ Enterprise Value/ Multiples) 9. 3 A Relative Valuation Analysis of Indian Seed Industry 10. Advanta India Limied Management Outlook and Future Projection 10. 1. Advanta India Limited Future Projections 10. 2. Advanta I ndia Limited Company Financials Future Projections 10. 3. Advanta India Limited Ratio Analysis 11. Appendix 11. 1. Market Definitions 11. 2. Abbreviations 11. 3. Research Methodology Data Collection Methods Approach Non-linear Factor Based Regression Model 3  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied 1. 4. Disclaimer 4  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied L IST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Advanta India Limited Corporate Timeline 1994-2012 Figure 2: Advanta India Limited Ownership Structure in Percentage as on 31st December 2012 Figure 3: Advanta India Limited Organizational Structure Figure 4: Advanta India Limited Product Portfolio Figure 5: Advanta India Limited Annotated Stock Price Performance on the Basis of Volume Traded and Stock Prices in Thousand Shares and INR per Share, 29th February 2012-1st March 2013Figure 6: India Hybrid Seed Industry Market Size and Contribution in the Overall Indian Seed Market on the Basis of Revenue in INR Crore and Percentage, FY’2008-FY’2012 Figure 7: India Hybrid Seed Industry Segmentation on the Basis of Contribution in the Overall Hybrid Seed Industry in Percentage, FY’2012 Figure 8: Market Share of Major Players in Indian Hybrid Seed Market on the Basis of Contribution by Revenue in Percentage, FY’2012 Figure 9: Australia Seed Industry Market Size on the Basis of the Revenue in INR crore, FY’2008-FY’2012Figure 10: Argentina Seed Industry Market Size on the Basis of Revenue in INR Crore, FY’2008-FY’2012 Figure 11: Advanta India Limited Future Projections on the Basis of Revenue, EBITDA Margin and Net Profit Margin in INR Crore and Percentage, 2013-2017 Figure 12: Non-linear Regression Analysis and Scatter Chart Based upon Indian Hybrid Seed Industry Market size, FY’2008-FY’2012 5  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied L IST OF TABLE Table 1: Advanta India Limi ted Financial Summary on the Basis of Revenue, Growth and Net Profit Margin in INR Crore and Percentage, 2008-2012Table 2: Advanta India Limited Major Investments in Company Evaluation on the Basis Deal Stake, Deal Value and Implied Enterprise Value Table 3: Advanta India Limited Ownership Structure on the Basis of Shares Held as on 31st December 2012 Table 4: Advanta India Limited Promoters Stake on the Basis of Number of Shares Held and the Percentage of Shares Held in Shares Outstanding, as on 31st December 2012 Table 5: Advanta India Limited Revenue Segmentation on the Basis of Contribution by Products in the Overall Revenue, in FY’2011-FY’2012Table 6: Advanta India Limited Recent Developments in Oil Seeds Table 7: Advanta India Limited Recent Developments in Field Crops Table 8: Advanta India Limited Recent Developments in Vegetable Crops Table 9: Advanta India Limited Financial Performance on the Basis of Revenue, EBITDA Margin and Net Profit Margin in INR Crore, and Percentage, 2008-2012 Table 10: Advanta India Limited Valuation Analysis on the Basis of Market Capitalization, Net Debt and Enterprise Value in INR Crore and Units as on 1st March 2013 Table 11: Advanta India Limited Valuation Multiples on the Basis of Revenue, EBITDA and Net Profit Multiples, 2008 -2012Table 12: Advanta India Limited Revenue Segmentation on the Basis of Geographical Contribution in Overall Revenue in Percentage, FY’2011-FY’2012 Table 13: Advanta India Limited Discounted Cash Flow Valuation on the Basis of Weighted Average Cost to Capital, Present Value of Company Valuation and Target Share Price Table 14: Advanta India Limited Sensitivity Analysis of Discounted Cash Flow Analysis, Perpetuity Growth Rate and Weighted Average Cost of Capital on the Basis of Perpetuity Growth Rate Method in INR Crore and in PercentageTable 15: Advanta India Limited Board of Directors Table 16: Advanta India Limited Management Profile Table 17: Company Comparables o n the basis of Products Offered, Revenue and Business Strategies 6  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied Table 18: Company Comparable Analysis on the Basis of Financial Performance in INR Crore and Valuation Multiples as on LTM 31st December 2012 Table 19: Company Comparables on the Basis of Revenue in INR Crore, FY’2008-LTM year ending 31st December 2012Table 20: Relative Valuation Analysis on the Basis of Deal Value, Deal Stake, Implied Enterprise Value and Multiples in INR Crore, Percentage and Multiples Table 21: Advanta India Limited Company Balance Sheet, 2011-2015 Table 22: Advanta India Limited Company Income Statement, 2011-2015 Table 23: Advanta India Limited Company Cash Flow Statement, 2011-2015 Table 24: Advanta India Limited Ratio Analysis on the Basis of Liquidity, Asset Management, Profitability and Leverage Ratios in Multiple and Percentage, 2008-2015 Table 25: Regression Coefficients of the Advanta India Limited Table 26: R egression Intercepts of the Advanta India Limited  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied E XECUTIVE SUMMARY: ADVANTA INDIA LIMITED Recommendation: ~ Date: 1st March 2013 Target Price: INR ~ Advanta India Limited is an agronomic seed company with major operations in India, Australia, Thailand, the US and Argentina. The company is involved in production of hybrid seeds of field crop and vegetable seeds. The company specializes in the production of hybrid sunflower seeds by technical plant breeding and application of bio-technological methods.The company was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange the National Stock Exchange of India in 2007 and having its registered office in Hyderabad. Key Differentiators ? ? ? ? Competition and Positioning ? Key Developments ? Advanta is dominant player in the Thailand corn market Dominates the international sorghum market The company has 16 subsidiaries all over the world representing its global presence First Indian m ultinational seed company Advanta dominates the sunflower seed market in Argentina with ~% market share as of 31st December 2011 ? ? ? ?In 2011 the company established a new research and breeding station in Toulouse, France so as to cater the growing demand of the European markets ? ? ? ? Financial Summary Advanta India Limited Financial Summary on the Basis of Revenue, Growth and Net Profit Margin in INR Crore and Percentage, 2008-2012 Particulars 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Revenue Growth% Net Profit% 8  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied C ORPORATE TIMELINE Advanta was established in 1994 as a joint venture between ITC Limited and Zeneca Limited.On 24th January 1994 the company started its production of hybrid seeds from its registered office at Hyderabad. The joint venture was named as ITC Zeneca Limited with the objective of production of hybrid seeds in the Indian seed market. In 1994, the company acquired seed business of Hysun India Limitedà ¢â‚¬ ¦ In 2007, Advanta India Limited came with an IPO of INR ~ crore. The IPO was of ~ equity shares at a price of INR ~ per equity share†¦ Advanta India Limited Corporate Timeline 1994-2012 9  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copiedA DVANTA INDIA LIMITED ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE The company currently has ~ plants in India, out of which ~ plants are located in Andhra Pradesh and ~ plant in Haryana. Out of 16 subsidiaries across the world Advanta Netherland Holdings BV was the highest profit making subsidiary of Advanta, generating a net profit of INR ~ crore during 2011 and Advanta Holdings BV was the highest loss making subsidiary of INR ~ crore in 2011†¦ Advanta India Limited holds ~ shares that is 100. 0% of Advanta Semillas SAIC and ~ shares of Pacific Seeds Pty. Limited implying 100. % stake in the subsidiary†¦ Advanta India Limited Organizational Structure 10  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copie d A DVANTA INDIA LIMITED PRODUCTS PORTFOLIO The company engages in ~ types of hybrid seed products in India and across the globe such as sorghum, corn, cotton, sunflower, mustard, canola and others and for vegetable such as tomato, cauliflower, sweet corn, hot pepper, okra and others. Business cycle of the company is to research and develop, produce and distribute the seeds to farmers through its distributors†¦Advanta India Limited Product Portfolio O IL SEEDS Oil seeds are produced as a source of the production for different types of oil. The oil seed portfolio of the company consists of the three hybrid seeds namely sunflower, canola and Indian mustard. These three products contribute the largest proportion of the company’s revenue†¦ 11  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied The company operates in the Australian canola seed market through its 100. 0% owned subsidiary namely, Pacific Seeds Pty Limited.Pacific Seeds is involved in the production of ~ types of hybrid canola seed variety such as [email  protected], [email  protected], [email  protected], [email  protected] and others. The company has achieved ~ % growth in its global canola business in 2011 y-o-y. The company has a pan India presence in the Indian hybrid mustard market. UPL group in collaboration with state government of Gujarat has entered into a project for the production of coral-432 with the average selling price of seeds INR 22. 5 and average selling price of oil INR 56. 0 under normal conditions.Advanta India Limited Recent Developments in Oil Seeds Countries Recent Developments in Product Portfolio India Mexico A DVANTA INDIA LIMITED FINANCIAL AND O PERATIONAL PERFORMANCE V ALUATION ANALYSIS AND FINANCIAL SUMMARY The company’s revenue has showcased a CAGR growth of 16. 4% from 2008 to 2012. Increase in revenue was due to the expansion of company’s operations in various countries in the last five years by mergers and acquisitions of different companies. Additionally, over the years the company has been spending considerable amount on research and development.These research and development expenditure has produced new and improved products for the company such as PAC 801, PAC 807 and others in hybrid rice seed which had enhanced the company’s revenues. The revenue for 2012 was INR 1073. 0 crore showcasing a growth of 17. 7% by y-o-y†¦ Net profit of the company has increased at a CAGR of ~% from 2008 to 2012†¦ 12  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied The company has been valued at INR ~ crore as on 1st March 2013. The revenue multiple of the company has shown a declining trend.Revenue multiple represents the amount that has to be paid by the investor for purchasing the company’s sales. The revenue multiple has declined at a CAGR of ~% from 2008-2012 showcasing a decline in the value of the company against the company’s sales as the amount of sales has been increasing over the years which implies that the company is now more cheaper to purchase as compare to what it was in 2008†¦ Advanta India Limited Financial Performance on the Basis of Revenue, EBITDA Margin and Net Profit Margin in INR Crore, and Percentage, 2008-2012 Particulars (in INR Crore and Percentage) 008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Revenue y-o-y Growth% EBITDA% Net Profit% Advanta India Limited Valuation Analysis on the Basis of Market Capitalization, Net Debt and Enterprise Value in INR Crore and Units as on 1st March 2013 Particulars (in INR Crore and Units) Share Price* Share Outstanding (in Units) Market Capitalization Net Debt Associates/ Minority Interest Enterprise Value Advanta India Limited Valuation Multiples on the Basis of Revenue, EBITDA and Net Profit Multiples, 2008-2012 Particulars 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 EV/Revenue EV/ EBITDA EV/Net Profit 13 This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied D CF (DISCOUNTED CASH F LOW) VALUATIONA AND UPSIDE P OTENTIAL Advanta India Limited Discounted Cash Flow Valuation on the Basis of Weighted Average Cost to Capital, Present Value of Company Valuation and Target Share Price Particulars Value (in INR Crore, Percentage and Units) WACC Revenue CAGR over 2013-17E Present Value of Cash Flow till 2017E Terminal Growth Present Value (PV) of terminal cash flow PV of firm Less: Current Debt Total present value of the Equity Number of Equity Shares Outstanding (in Units)DCF – Target price (INR) Advanta India Limited Sensitivity Analysis of Discounted Cash Flow Analysis, Perpetuity Growth Rate and Weighted Average Cost of Capital on the Basis of Perpetuity Growth Rate Method in INR Crore and in Percentage Particulars (in INR Crore and Percentage) Weighted Average Cost of Capital Perpetuity Growth Rate 14  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied M ACRO ANALYSIS OF SEED INDUSTRY M ARKET SHARE OF MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE INDIAN HYBRID S EED MARKET, FY’2012 The Indian hybrid seed industry is dominated by Nuziveedu Seeds Private Limited.The company has a market share of ~% in the overall Indian hybrid seed industry, followed by Maharashtra Hybrid Corporation (Mahyco) and Vibha Agrotech Limited which have a share of ~% and ~% respectively. As per the historical trend, the revenue of the seed companies has been inclining†¦ For Monsanto India, corn hybrid was the single biggest focus in seed business. Through its Project Golden Rays project the company has signed a public-private partnership with Rajasthan state government for increasing the maize hybrid yields by two folds. The project involves 7. 8 lakh tribal farmers.The company has a share of 4. 4% in the overall hybrid seed market†¦ Market Share of Major Players in Indian Hybrid Seed Market on the Basis of Contribution by Revenue in Percentage, FY’2012 Nuziveedu Seeds Private limited Maharashtra Hybrid Corporation (Mahyco) Monsanto India Li mited (MIL) Rasi Seeds Private Limited Bayer CropScience Ltd. – India Du Pont Pioneer Syngenta India Ltd. Advanta India Limited Others 15  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied A USTRALIAN SEED INDUSTRY MARKET SIZE, FY’2008-FY’2012 Australia is the second largest exporter of canola in the world.Australian seed market has declined at CAGR of ~% from USD ~ million to USD ~ million from FY’2008 to FY’2012. Decline in the Australian seed industry was mainly due to natural disaster in the country which effected the production of seeds. During the early FY’2000, the seeds industry of Australia was at its peak. The seed sales grew by ~% to USD ~ million in FY’2007 from USD ~ million in FY’2005 due to pleasant weather conditions in the country, higher commodity prices and positive market sentiments†¦ Australian government policies had also played a major role in the performance of the seed industr y of the country.Australian government has strict regulations which have restricted the entry of major players in the country. These strict regulations of the government restricted the growth of the industry and debarred the nation from adoption of hybrid seeds which actually have the potential to increase the agricultural productivity with the limited use of resources. Australia Seed Industry Market Size on the Basis of the Revenue in INR crore, FY’2008FY’2012 2,500. 0 INR Crore 2,000. 0 1,500. 0 1,000. 0 500. 0 0. 0 FY'2008 FY'2009 FY'2010 FY'2011FY'2012 16  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied C OMPETITIVE ANALYSIS B Y FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (TOPLINE/ ENTERPRISE VALUE/ M ULTIPLES) Table: Company Comparable Analysis on the Basis of Financial Performance in INR Crore and Valuation Multiples as on LTM 31st December 2012 (INR Crore, unless Stated) Company Market Cap Last Twelve Months (LTM) Year Ending December 2012 Net Debt Enterprise Value (EV) EV/Revenue EV/EBITDA P/E JK Agri Genetics Limited Advanta Limited India Monsanto Limited India Nath SeedsLimited India Kaveri Seeds Company Limited Mean Median 17  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied Table: Company Comparables on the Basis of Revenue in INR Crore, FY’2008-LTM year ending 31st December 2012 Revenue (in INR Crore) FY’2008 FY’2009 FY’2010 FY’2011 FY’2012 LTM JK Agri Genetics Limited* Advanta India Limited** Monsanto India Limited Kaveri Seeds Company Limited Nath Seeds India Limited A DVANTA INDIA LIMITED FUTURE PROJECTION Advanta India Limited has been focusing the European hybrid seed market.After doing research for over 4 years, the company is planning its first hybrid sunflower seed sale in Romania, Ukraine, Romania and France. Advanta will launce ~ hybrids sunflower seeds products to farmers of these countries under ALTA brand. The ~ hybrids sunflower seeds will generator thei r brand name in future and expected to capture sizable market share in the European seed market. This will lead to an increase in profits of the company in future. The company has recently entered into a genetically modified (GM) corn agreement with Monsanto for two countries namely, Brazil and Philippines.GM corn is developed by adding animal’s DNA into seeds DNA and thus amplifies the utility of the seeds†¦ †¦The company is expected to showcase a revenue growth of CAGR ~% from 2012 to 2017. Additionally, the company is spending substantial amount on research and development of products and these new products will generate positive cash flow in future and will increase the revenue of the company. All these factors will lead to an increase in company’s revenue from INR 1,073. 0 crore in 2012 to ~ crore in 2017. 18  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copiedAdvanta India Limited Future Projections on the Basis of Revenue, EBITDA Ma rgin and Net Profit Margin in INR Crore and Percentage, 2013-2017 3,500. 0 16. 0% 3,000. 0 14. 0% INR Crore 10. 0% 2,000. 0 8. 0% 1,500. 0 6. 0% 1,000. 0 in Percentage 12. 0% 2,500. 0 4. 0% 500. 0 2. 0% 0. 0% 0. 0 FY'2013 Revenue FY'2014 FY'2015 EBITDA Margin FY'2016 FY'2017 Net Profit Margin A DVANTA INDIA LIMITED COMPANY FINANCIALS FUTURE P ROJECTIONS Over the years Advanta India Limited has been showing a constant growth in its shareholders’ funds as the company has been constantly generating after tax net profit expect in 2010.Net worth of the company has increased at a CAGR of ~% from 2009-2012, representing increase in profitability margin of the company. The company is expected to follow the same trend in future and anticipated to increase its net worth at CAGR of ~% from 2012-2015. As of now the contribution of outsider’s funds in the total assets of the business is greater than shareholders’ equity but with the increase in profitability the company is e xpected to reverse this scenario and debt to equity ratio will decrease in future†¦ 19 This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied The company’s cash flow from operation has showcased a positive growth trend in 2011 and 2012. It is anticipated that the cash flow from operation of the company will increase at a CAGR of ~% from 2011-2015 largely due to increase in after tax net profit of the company. In 2015 it is expected that the company will increase its revenue from operations by ~% y-o-y. An average annual growth of ~% is expected in the company’s capital expenditure from 2011-2015 due to commercialization and expansion of business.Overall cash and cash equivalent balance of the company is expected to increase at a CAGR of ~% from 2011-2015†¦ 20  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied D ISCLAIMER The research reports provided by Ken Research are for the personal information of the authorized recipien t and is not for public distribution and should not be reproduced or redistributed without prior permission. You are permitted to print or download extracts from this material for your personal use only. None of this material may be used for any commercial or public use.The information provided in the research documents is from publicly available data and other sources, which are reliable. Efforts are made to try and ensure accuracy of data. With respect to documents available, neither the company nor any of its employees makes any warranty, express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use will not infringe privately owned rights.The report also includes analysis and views expressed by our research team. The research reports are purely for informatio n purposes. The opinions expressed are our current opinions as of the date appearing in the material and may be subject to change from time to time without notice. 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Requests to republish any material may be sent to us. 21  © This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied

Development Finance

Financial development is the basis of every country development when ever we talk about the developing countries of the world. Every body must say their financial strength is one of the factors for their decreased development with out financial heath of the country. It is unable for any government to put forward the development plans which after words brings good results in the financial heath of the country.There are so many countries in the world to talk here Africa is one of them where the financial position is very low also some other countries like Sudan, Somalia, and many more who are just at the developing countries list. One of the main things in increasing the financial growth of any country is the economic growth through globalization of capital and the cross border trade. Trading with such countries and provision of foreign aid to such countries which are low in financial position in the view of USA government is the basis for their development that’s why today more work done for increasing the financial heath of the low developing countries.In the year 1980s and 1990s, it was noted that due to some reasons the financial development in many countries remains low because of the financial markets crisis. These crises were due to the changes in investments and due to the government crisis in those countries and the lack of international standard financial institutions hat are capable of attracting more investment opportunities from the foreign investors. For increasing the growth of economy, foreign investment in the country plays a major role.Due to the increase of foreign investment the export position increases or in other words low financial position is due to the low banking and financial standards in the country. Going to talk about the financial health of Africa as an example as every body knows the financial development of Africa is very low as compare to the developed countries of the world, but now the developed countries are playing a good role to develop such countries as Africa to put forward the development plans they have provided foreign aid to such countries in order to full fill the development plans and open the routes of trade.Third World Countries, Why they are in List of third World?Third world countries as the name says are those countries which are low in economic growth and the less developed countries of the world during the French revolution. The French demographer Alfred Sauvy named these countries as the third estate because these countries are in the list of those countries which are not of high technologies and less industrialized, like the other countries of the world. The reason behind is such lack of financial growth is the lack of funds.â€Å"The concept of the â€Å"Third World† developed after the Bandung Conference of Colored people in 1955; a conference greatly influenced by Communist China and after it began feuding with Russia (The Sino-Soviety Split). Its main idea was that a third power bloc had to be created that would be distinct from the capitalist, industrial world (First World) and the Communist, Industrial world (Second World). The French Economist Alfred Sauvy popularized the term â€Å"Third World† to refer to these countries. â€Å"Third World† was also used in the West to refer to countries receiving foreign aid†.The third world countries are low developed countries in the world because of: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There low gross national product, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poverty reasons, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of human development, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of press freedom, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lack of financial institutions, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Industrialization, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Technology, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of foreign investments.List of third world countries includes many coun tries in which large number of countries belongs to the continent Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malawi Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Somalia Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Congo Middle Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Liberia Western Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nigeria Western Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethiopia Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zambia Eastern Africa ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Afghanistan Central Asia ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eritrea Eastern AfricaBecause of the low financial development issue basically regarding to the countries of Africa, which are east west and in middle Africa so it is important to talk about the country in Africa.Somalia †¦Country in Eastern AfricaSomalia which is situated in the eastern part of Africa a country which is not to be own by the basis of government as which is in the other developed countries of t he world. The country’s borders are also to those which are also included in the less developed countries of the world, the development related to the financial growth of the country is so low as it has been seen that there were fight existed for many years in the country which didn’t brought any government and made the country low in every financial step.Because of no government and management powers the country has not the idea of trade finance government rules institutions for investments and so on. The country has been the living place for many ethnic group in past but the large number of people n the country were not belong to Somalia French British and Italians were also came to Somalia in the 19th century.However it is to say that the 1880s period for Somalia was taken as the good period for development. After the entrance of Italians and British people there the claims on the land started in this regard first claim was given by the British as the British Somali a land in 1886. After words the other part of the land in southern area claimed by the Italians as the Italian Somalia land after the second world war the British Somalia land become independent and again the proclamation was given in the 26th June 1960. After words there were many claims on the country's land had been taken place which from the very starting put Somalia’s development at the back.After the whole fighting about different claims by many countries on Somalia and the internal war a regional government was formed there this was not in strong financial condition an earth quake, which arose in the Indian Ocean and followed Somalia too. This was the natural disaster of 2004 and due to tsunami large numbers of people namely 300 were killed and many of the villages were destroyed. In the year 2006 the civil war begins in Somalia, which has stopped the large number of development in the country.Somalia became the victim of earth quakes and different diseases like aids a nd hunger in times of civil war and child mortality are the reasons which left the country too far away from the developed countries of the world. Because of these so many reasons the financial health of the country is still not in the position to define however the developed countries of the world are playing great role in increasing the financial development in the country, but the think lacking is the natural aid also they have lack of so many resources to develop the country.Financial Development in SomaliaDue to war and hunger problems it is hard for any one to note down the financial growth o f the economy in 2005 the GDP growth was 2.4% in Somalia which was estimated by CIA. Main exports items belong to live stocks, which are bananas sugar maize fish and sorghum and the small industry of Somalia based on the agricultural products.Private Sector Development in SomaliaThe private sector development in Somalia is so hard to explain it was so worse in past but now it is to say th at it is getting developed day by day. The private sector development includes business policies, the financial sector policies and institutional policies, but the thing which is required is the skilled people who are able to put forward such development policies and convert them in the basic development of the country. The basic idea of private sector is to develop the relationship of the country with other countries of the world. It includes:l   The relationship development good relations with the neighbor countries in order to increase the export import conditions.l   Attracting the foreign investors to make investments in huge amounts to the country which will ultimately results in the development of the countryl   The association formed which is the Somali foundation services association the private sector includes the responsibilities to increase the development of this association in order to increase the business issues and development of business plans with the other business companies out side the country also.Development of Banking Sectorl   The private sector is working to form a firm which is capable of doing the work of central bank development the development of central banking in the country policies of the bank guidelines the rules and regulations of the bank the provision of funds and bills for the   allocation o small businesses there advancement and the increase of organizational structure of central bank dealing with the problems  Ã‚  Ã‚   of financial and accounting controls the private sector is monitoring the role of central bank by the appointed firm.l   Because of fisheries livestock’s are the basic items of export so the private sector is getting developed to increase the development of these sectors in order to make bounce in exports and the financial health of the country.l   The private sector is now developing such institutions under the government provision of funds for the training of students in the mana gement business finance accounting scientific official works administration works engineering works and medical too. This includes the development of women too, including the women trainees in order to enhance the development of the country every body should play a role otherwise the development would not be with high sense so the development of women in the country is also necessary for the development of the country.l   The private sector is working for the development of the central bank of Somalia and the financial sector too. Training and orientation programs for the workers through which increase and encourage the idea of increasing the financial growth of the small and large business which in future results in the development of economy an financial development of the country.So it is to say that the private sector development is going on in the country but not with high sense because of lack of capital and other resources the country is developing low but it is expected th at the private sector will be strong in future to perform more and big operations.Somali Institutional and Capacity Development ProjectThis is the project which is based on the institutional development of Somalia. The lack of institutional and organizational development leads the country with low growth of the financial sector the association is formed for facing the challenges of low institutional developments to raise funds for such institution and increase the organizational structure in the country. The project is made to develop the Somalis human resource management program for this reason the project is made to develop the management training programs for the increase of human development and the increase of administration skills in the human.In 2006 this project SICAD has achieved many goals related to the institutional development, which were the primary objectives, and the help of this project achieved these in a very smaller period. The increase and advancement of public private relationship this project team is working with the university of Hargesia the project is also working as the team which is capable of evaluating the skills among public and the motivational government health programs in order to make public aware of every disease its danger for health and the cure this working is based on the control of HIV AIDS in Africa.â€Å"The PRSL Program has a two-pronged approach to working towards the reduction of poverty – more upstream, at advocacy for MDGs and poverty analysis/monitoring and, more downstream, at community driven recovery. Human Rights, Peace-Building, Gender, HIV/AIDS are addressed as cross-cutting issues†. (Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods(PRSL))African Development InstituteThe African development bank is performing the function as an institute to enhance the training program among the general public the capacity development which includes the development of organization institution the society develop ment in order to increase the role of general public in the making of financial condition better for this reason the bank is performing the function of there is agreement that macroeconomic stability is critical for the growth of financial sector services. â€Å"Countries should adopt appropriate macroeconomic policies, encourage competition within the financial sector, and develop a strong and transparent institutional and legal framework for financial sector activities. In particular, there is a need for prudential regulations and supervision, strong creditor rights, and contract enforcement†. (Financial Development in the Middle East and North Africa)It is to say that the financial sector development is responsible for the development of economy as a whole those changes which are not in the control of any one only the financial sectors brings such changes for the better health of the economy with out such developments it is hard to say that the economy is developed and if the economy is underdeveloped it means the country financial sector is underdeveloped it is not so strong to perform the functions as the financial sector of developed countries of the   world. This development for African countries is also very essential like in Somalia because of so many crisis the country's economy development rate is so low as compared to the other countries of the world.Banking Sector Development in SomaliaAs the position of economy in the past years was so worse so one cannot easily judge the banking sector development in Somalia it needs the full concentration on the history of the performance of Somalia national bank which performed the functions of commercial banking system in the past. After the mergers and financial development the Somalia banking sector divided in to two major categories named Somali commercial banks and the Somali savings and credit banks. After this division the Somali national bank controlled its workings to the functions of central bank only.In the view of international monetary funds, these are the basic things fore the financial sector growth and development. ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Monetary sector ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regulation of policies ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-banking financial sector policies ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development of institutions ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GDP and GNP measurement tools.What of the role of the international institutions? Here again, views varied from those who urged the World Bank Group to stay out of Somalia to those who were desperate for aid agencies to come in. Some believed that Somalia needed concessional loans, others that Somalia should never take out a loan againThe lack of private sector development in Somalia is due to the lack of security and law enforcement agencies. There the fights and political instabilities brings so many problems for the banking sector to develop also as the banking sector o f every country requires the full concentration on the development of institutions and public awareness programs, but Somalia is lacking in such capabilities the parties conflicts and other conflicts makes the banking sector so weak as the foreign investment is unpleasant in this sector.The financial institution today requires the large number of financial security from the government and the security for foreign investments. These are lacking in Somalia so no body wants to invest there whose currency rates are low and the economy is less developed. In the view of many peoples the government should work to encourage the development of those sectors, which are associated to public also.How to Improve Development Strategies?The thing which wants a complete discussion here is not that how Somalia developed how it survives within the developed countries but the thing is this which one is lacking which thing is important for the development of the country and which is not, which sector o f the country needs high development and which sector wants low. The answer to all these questions are in the hands of policy makers in the hands of developed countries of the world, like what has to be done by the united nations for the achievement of development in Somalia?Somalia is no longer included in the annual United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report world ranking. If it were to be included, according to a special report on Somalia, it would sit firmly at the bottom in 175th position, below war-afflicted Sierra Leone: ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peace and security, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stoppages of arm forces to take part in Somalia affairs, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The capacity enhancement, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Development of public sector, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Need of foreign aid to develop Somalia training institutions, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Food assistance and othe r aid programs from international community, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of live stock sector, ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Illegal activities control.These were some of the main things, which need full concentration from the international world to look at. These issues required the attention of developed countries of the world in order to develop Somalia. for any country’s private sector development it is necessary to bring the public sector development for the advancement of economy if one or more then one sector is lacking in development the country’s economy remains at lower position and the country’s financial sector also not developed.Socio Economic Development of SomaliaUnited Nations development program to cover the economic policy to develop the economy in this context in the year 2002 World Bank and UNDPS combine’s efforts brings the socio economic survey which is taken from each house hold living in the country. T his data which is on the socio economic development of the country is based on the analysis of most of the economy gaps and the need of resources through of the country. The view of making such efforts were to brought forward the financial and investment institution for the socio economic development and the improvement of employment housing and demographic factors.It includes the things like the participation of women’s in the development of the economy and the role of institutions to increase the training and attraction of foreign investors towards this less developed economy. World Bank monitors whole of the function of collection of data regarding the economy of the country this report brings large number of those things, which are not to be brought up with the help of any other association.The Socio-Economic Survey 2002 is the first in a series of joint World Bank / UNDP statistical reports. The data collection and statistical capacity building will be further strengthen ed under the joint World Bank / UNDP re – engagement strategy for Somalia, with the collaboration of other development partners.These efforts put forward the efforts of women to the Somalia economy that is their participation in different public and private institutions like many women take part in police forces. The United Nations development program was based on the Somalia economy but also on the development of general public there and their participation in every financial and non-financial sector of the economy.Somali Financial Services AssociationThe Somali financial services association was formed in December 2003 in London. This conference was held for evaluating the problems regarding every sector of Somalia economy; the conference was attended by the developed countries leaders who then launched the Somalia financial association. The conference discussed the micro and macro faces of the economy. This association worked to support the industrial development in the ec onomy and the needs of setup anywhere in the economy and worked as a team in foreign countries to bring forward the industrialization and investment of the economy. This association also serves as the regulatory body in the absence of government in Somalia.Foreign Aid and SomaliaDue to the loss of large development programs in the past whose main reasons were the failure of development due to the internal fighting in the country that made Somalia the less developed country. In the day of 1970s to 1990s Somalia had passed up the years of hunger which was up to that extent that no body could think of living in Somalia the problem of hunger aroused in the economy.Due to internal crisis and these crises were spread up to that limit in which many children’s and women’s were killed due to the lack of food support, many disease broke up in the country aids HIV hyper Titus, the people were not had such programs then or the resources to protect themselves from these problems. A fter that worse condition out side world provides the financial assistance in the form of foreign aid to this country, this foreign aid was given by the developed countries of the world aim was to protect the life of people there.Large amount of foreign aid provided by the United Nations and the other developed economy, this foreign aid after the large efforts covered the food problem in Somalia but not that loss of lives and loss to the economy which occurred in those worse days. For this reason many foreign aid offices were established in African countries in Somalia Ethiopia and many other small countries the purpose of making such foreign aid offices were the provision of food and shelter for the people of Somalia.These are playing the role of emergency relief camps. in this role there are so many countries of the world who plays a very great role in the removal of hunger from Somalia these countries includes united kingdom united stats of America Pakistan Russia Germany and so many other countries of the world provided food and forces as the way of supply of food assistance. The German humanitarian agency called diakonie played an important role in the provision of aid to Somalia people they provided the aid of 100,000 Euro in order to get rid of food problem in Somalia. The United Nations refugee’s agency provided the 750,000 Euro to Somalia.Somalia Aid Coordination BodyIt is the Somalia aid coordination body that is formed by the United Nations agencies individuals who provided funds for the development and removal of hunger from Somalia and NGOs. In these donors the United Nations organization is one of the main donors of funds in order to get peace in Somalia. The funds were provided and still providing to Somalia for the rural development the development of country trade that is the country truly based on the live stocks and the agricultural products that’s why the United Nations efforts were comprises of the advancement of such program s through the supply of funds, which make the financial problem limited.After the several efforts made by different big countries of the world there were too much protection to the public was given and the problem of food was removed through the help of developed countries of the world. One of the major thing which is important for any country’s development is the investment so the united nations agencies work to provide the financial assistance in the form of increase in investment policies also. European Union played a very important role in making the financial position of Somalia and efforts to form the structure of the country like the other developing countries one the example of their effort is the city Berbera.In the year 2007 the European Union has given 4 million aids to Somalia for the removal of hunger and development programs. Also they have provided funds for the Ethiopia and Kenya, which are situated near the Somalia. Thus the aid was given to African countries by the European Union to improve their financial health.However as the financial growth of the country always gets better with the role of public in the country and the role of government Somalia was the country which didn’t had the proper governmental system in the past that’s why the country is still lacking in many things as the developed countries of the world there are no such developments in Somalia are made because of the lack of funds even if the European countries and other donor countries have provided a lot but the thing is country’s internal resource lacking which is due to the lack in industrialization and technology with these the training and education programs among public.Beside these foreign aid providence one more thing which was done by the anti parties in Somalia was the kidnapped of many soldiers from different countries of the world who were providing the assistance to public because of these problems many countries bring back their soldi ers from Somalia and their large number of soldiers were also found dead because of this behavior many countries aid stopped in Somalia however now the crisis have been controlled by the European agencies and the forces from other donor countries of the world.This is horrible news. We are so sad for the aid workers who are helping our people. We will do everything possible, even if it means using force, to release the hostages,† Punt land’s interior and security minister Mohamed Abdi told reporters.Concerns PolicyThe policy was made to resolve the issue of food and shelter among the public. this was the policy which made the emergency workings to get funds from the donor countries for the development programs which includes the provision of education health HIV and aids control livestock’s development food crisis in Nigeria dealing with the victims of south east Asia earth quakes tsunami this is the policy through which the evaluation and allocation of needs are located and the supply of assistance given to those sides in Africa.The policy explains the poverty effects on the economy and how it can be removed through making different development programs, which brings forward the financial development of the economy. The foreign aid to Somalia was provided from 1960s by the United Nations and still it is working. United Nations provided largest aid to Somalia but some of the Somalis think that the European Union countries have provided large number of aid to Ethiopia but not to Somalia.Aid Programs for SomalisThis aid program includes various policies and the formation of various agencies for the provision of food to Somalis the international agencies played great role in the provision of aid to Somalis. Somalia is the country which is without the government. The country has no central government system that’s why it is still in the position which it is in the past it is the country of crisis hunger diseases but why it is in this form ? Large countries of the world have made so many efforts to reduce the country’s conflicts but they are failed even the people don’t believe on one other the main reason is hunger they are facing lack of resources made them to fight for their survival.The government in Somalia after the formation was not so happy about the United Nations aid to Somalis. They think that they are not going to help Somalis and they are against Somalis. They want to indulge in the country’s affairs they think that large aids are given to the other countries and Somalia is still in the same condition as it is in the past.According to the view of Somalia prime minister he said that the United Nations and other European countries have lost their powers over Somalia during the last 15 years of its civil war. Most of the Somalis think that the governments of other countries are providing them the aid in their own interest they are interested in taking part in Somalia’s government and other affairs. Large number of aid controlled by the government agencies in Somalia and the us ambassador reported that the aid had been taken in to control by the government agencies and they wanted to stop the air ways through which the aid is supplied to the public.Financial Development and Foreign AidAfter so many crises there are some of the objectives which have been taken in to control by the European Union country’s regarding the Somalia development. However, the food crisis removal programs have taken many donations from the developed countries of the world that has broken the other financial development chain of the country. This breakage is due to their internal crisis, the changes in economy has been done but they are in very small amount as still the fight is not under control.The peoples are distributed among many parties and those parties are not in support of the other countries of Africa like Ethiopia Nigeria Kenya .the financial development program in So malia needs the assistance from the European union but due to their internal crisis now the European union countries are also not playing that role which they have played in the past, as the financial development needs the making of the financial institution and increase of investment opportunities but this is not possible with out the removal of internal crisis in the country because development always needs unity of ideas about growth of the economy.Problems Regarding Financial DevelopmentThe financial development in Somalia needs too many funds and donations from the outside countries. The developed countries of the world have made efforts to cover the problem but it still exists. Every country’s financial development needs some capital to grow up tin that less developed country like Somalia. There is the lack of industrialization and the new technology too so the development of any sector can easily take much of the time and donations to develop however there is lack of b asic needs too.These are those problems for which no one can go forward with out the solution of them. These problems are associated with the public and government institution the lack of necessities of life how can any country fulfill the need of the public there is only one thing possible the solution of the problem of public issues or the solution of the problem of government issues everything’s cannot be developed by any one at the same time because for any country the financial development needs.Peace and Prosperity, Security, Government StabilityThe country’s development must go forward with such things if these are not present in the economy. It means the development of the economy remains low and the economy remains in the same position as it was in the past development of countries should bring g by the people of country with the cooperation of government with the provision of ways to develop, but unfortunately the less developed countries specially in Africa are the poor countries there people are not in the position to fulfill the desires as they want they live from hand to mouth.Trade FacilitiesExport and import are the main part of every economy like the other developed countries of the world, which have much export and import in order to go forward. The countries are dependent on their own resources and the developed countries have made so many products from those resources. First thing is this like Somalia and many other poor countries they don’t have such facilities like the foreign investment in the country. The dependency on internal resources as the Somalia export dependent on their agricultural products but they are lacking the skilled force to compete the entire world education is one more problem which is the biggest hurdle in the way of development. To every country’s development knowledge and skills are necessary for development these skills are evaluated from the country’s people.Social Problems in So maliaSomalia is the country which has faced many problems in the past. They don’t have much capital to develop any sector of the economy they are lacking of work force skills and new technology why they don’t have such facilities? Answer is the lack of social security and social development country always develop through society development but these things are not present in the less developed countries the societies are not developed in that sense as the highly developed countries people are.The people of Somalia are as backward as compare to the developed countries of the world and they don’t have enough money to full fill their desires because for m ant y years they lived in hunger and fight they do not know to survive in the open world. They have such problems like health education and security for these reasons they have been suffered from the problems of diseases like HIV and Aids after that the European Union have provided them much donations to cut off these problems.Economic Growth of CountryThis is the essential part, which is placed after the development of society and the development of minds of the people increase in their skills knowledge about different subjects and devotion to work this development of the country needs the development of:Private sector, The banking sector development, Infrastructure of the country, Transport, Industries, Investment opportunities, Credit institutions, Law enforcement, Social programs, Job opportunities. Development Projects in SomaliaAfter the problems from many years now with the help of European countries Somalia is capable of making some projects and government is doing some efforts to fulfill these projects these includes:Development of FarmsFor this reason a project is made by the Somalia government with the help of foreign governments. The development of farming in the country as the whole export lies on the agricultural products of the country.Education ProjectFor improving the socia l health of the country’s people government is now making the project, which is based on the education of public this project t is suggested for Togdheer region of the country.Put Land ProjectBeside the problems of education health is also the other issue of Somalia people so the efforts have been done to remove such problem for this reason government has made the Put Land project which includes the development of infrastructure and the solution of health issues like the provision of clean water to the people and sanitary conditions to protect them from diseases.Business Sector DevelopmentIn the north west of Somalia a project has been made to fulfill the business sector demands like the development of small industry in the country and the development of banking sector too.Health ProjectsAs the Somalia people have been suffered from various diseases in the past, which were the killer disease so efforts have been made in order to solve the health solution of the public. This p roject is based on the development of health of peoples there a project has been launched for Togdheer and Awdal.Contribution OF W.H.OThe world health organization is making much effort to compete the health issues in the country. It includes the development of people by providing them the awareness about different diseases and their symptoms cure and other related issues. The European Union countries in the past years have made so many efforts in order to reduce the health problems from the country and they are successful to some extent. Now the programs have been introduced for the polio HIV and aids awareness among people.â€Å"Civil war, external intervention, clan conflict and poverty have combined to turn Somalia into a â€Å"failed state.† Somalia has no central government. Three principal factions (none of which is recognized by the United States as Somalia’s legitimate government) hold sway in separate parts of the country. In addition, numerous warlords cont inue to vie for dominance at the local level. Hundreds of thousands of Somalis live as refugees in neighboring countries, and many others are internally displaced. The economy is underdeveloped, with drought seriously affecting the country’s pastoral and agricultural base†. (Weak States and Terrorism in Africa: U.S. Policy Options in Somalia)United States Policy toward SomaliaThe United States have played a great role in the removal of many major problems from the Somalia country but still there are some major issues exist there. These made United States to set some priorities and goals to cover the major problems regarding financial development there. Now United Sates have made three goals to develop Somalia which are as under:Removal of Terrorism in SomaliaMain reason for the economic backwardness is the terrorism there for these reasons no foreign investments have been made there now the united states are making efforts through the help of forces of different develop countries to promote the development by removing the terrorism there by which the country’s private sector should be develop.Government StabilityThe formation of government is main thing for every country development as Somalia has been  Ã‚   faced the problem of no central government in the past now the United States and other European states are making the plan to fulfill the goal of government stability and peace in Somalia.Challenge to Face Internal CrisisThe United States plans include a major goal that is to face the internal fights and crisis of the country and develop the country from high sense to make control over and such internal crisis which are the hurdles in the way of economic development of the country.ConclusionThus from the past this is the country which have faced so many crisis and is still facing but these crisis put the Somalia talking in front of the developed countries of the world who have made a tremendous role for covering the problems there. Ho wever, still so many problems exist there but no one can make any thing better if the people living there are not be the support from the donor country. However the United Nations and other agencies from developed countries of the world have provided their forces and much foreign aid to develop the country.There are so many plans and projects made for the development but these all are under construction, not fill up. However it is to say that these plans will be fulfill too nearer in the future but the main problem which is present in the way of development is the misunderstandings among the general public government and the donor countries, for many years Somalia has faced too much problem of hunger so they are not in a position to develop their country with out developing them selves. Chairman Feingold who is the member of US peace committee said:â€Å"Somalia did not become a â€Å"failed state† in a day. Similarly, solving the governance problems that make Somalia an att ractive potential home for terrorists will not happen overnight. We have made a start. I am cautiously optimistic that the United States, Somalia’s neighbors and the international community can make a significant contribution to helping the Somali people regain functional government, and that the conditions that make Somalia attractive to terrorists can be overcome†. (Weak States and Terrorism in Africa: U.S. Policy Options in Somalia)Works CitedArabDataNet.com: Country Guide: Somalia: Snapshothttp://www.arabdatanet.com/country/profiles/profile.asp?CtryName=Somalia&CtryAbrv=so&NavTitle=Foreign%20Investment Accessed, May 12, 2007Financial Development in the Middle East and North Africahttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/creane/index.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods (PRSL)http://www.so.undp.org/page.asp?id=668 Accessed, May 12, 2007Somali Institutional Developmenthttp://www.so.undp.org/page.asp?id=662 Accessed, May 12, 2 007SSRN-Banking Development in Somalia by Arnaldo Maurihttp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=958442 Accessed, May 12, 2007Situation Reports: Somalia, UNDP Somalia Quarterly Update – Apr 2004http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/a5444022715893a785256e7e006d3720 Accessed, May 12, 2007Weak States and Terrorism in Africa: U.S. Policy Options in Somaliahttp://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/rm/7872.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007World Hunger Notes–The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid International Charity by Michael Marenhttp://www.worldhunger.org/articles/books/maren.htm Accessed, May 12, 2007

America & Germany Essay

America never wanted to participate in World War 1, in fact in August 1914 when the war broke out in Europe; President Woodrow Wilson issued a declaration of neutrality. Preferring to remain isolated from the war, America tried to broker peace between the allies and the axis, the war was in Europe; America did not need to get involved. On May 7th 1915, German U-boats, patrolling in the Atlantic Ocean, fired torpedos at the British passenger ship Lusitania sinking her in 20 minutes. 128 Americans were killed. Woodrow Wilson, demanded that Germany stop attacking passenger ships, and declared that America was too proud to fight. Wilson also tried to mediate a compromise settlement but failed. He also repeatedly warned that America would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, as it was in violation to American ideas of human rights. Wilson was under great pressure from former president Theodore Roosevelt, who denounced German â€Å"piracy† and Wilson’s cowardice. In January 1917, Germany announced it would destroy all ships heading to Britain. Although Wilson broke off diplomatic ties with Germany, he still hoped to avert war by arming merchant vessels as a deterrent. Nevertheless, Germany began sinking American ships immediately. On February 1917, British intelligence gave the United States government a decoded telegram from Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman that had been intercepted en route to his ambassador to Mexico. The Zimmerman Telegram authorized the ambassador to offer Mexico the portions of the Southwest it had lost to the United States in the 1840s if it joined the Central Powers. However, because Wilson had run for re-election in 1916 on a very popular promise to keep the United States out of the European war, he had to handle the telegram very carefully. Wilson did not publicize it at first, only releasing the message to the press in March after weeks of German attacks on American ships had turned public sentiment toward joining the Allies. Later, on 2 April 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war and four days later all but six senators and fifty representatives voted for a war resolution. The Selective Service Act that was passed the following month, along with an extraordinary number of volunteers, built up the army from less than 250,000 to four million over the course of the conflict. General John Pershing was appointed head of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) and led the first troops to France Then, on April 6th 1917, America declared war on Germany.

English Curriculumn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

English Curriculumn - Essay Example .† (Dec 2010, p. 16). Green and Cormack in their attempts to explain the wide acceptability of the English language specified that the hybrid quality of the English language that has resulted in its generosity. Empowered by the â€Å"hybridity† as specified by Green and Cormack, the English language has the capacity to satisfy an array of purposes, having multiple social, cultural and educational effects. Keeping in mind the wide acceptability and appreciation of the English language as an essential medium of communication in academic disciplines it has also become important to teach and consequently encourage students to learn the language with such effectiveness so that they can acknowledge effects of the English Language in social, cultural and educational peripheries. Green and Cormack have identified that irrespective of its development and phenomenal success as the language for communication in the global context adequate measures have not yet been taken to context ualise the language within the educational philosophy: â€Å"What has not been understood to date, or sufficiently appreciated, is the extent to which such matters can, and need to, be related to and contextualised within a more general educational history† (Oct 2008, p. 253). Thus, in it important in this context to revaluate theoretical models, pedagogical rationales and â€Å"hybridity† of the English language so that possibilities can be explored to make students realize about the wide scope of its effects in social, cultural and educational aspects. Keeping in accord with Green and Cormack argument about â€Å"hybridity† of the English language that has resulted in the... This essay stresses that while the theoretical models have aimed at enhancing aptitude of a student from different approaches, on the other hand, there is no denial of the fact that unless a student develops the expertise in understanding linguistic diversity and rich rhetoric of the language, he will not be able to communicate with the text and consequently the entire effort will fail. The English Language has been considered by academicians as the most effective medium that would help them to communicate with the text. The element of linguistic variety and ‘hybridity’ of the English Language has been widely accepted and it is because of this reason the language has been able to give birth to so many forms in different regional and cultural domains. This report makes a conclusion that the Victorian 7-10 Syllabus of the English language is ordained in such manner that finds a close relevance with the principles of different theoretical approaches, such as, the Personal Growth Model, Cultural Heritage Model and the Critical Literacy Model. While on one hand, the 7-10 Syllabus enables the education department to follow a specific and well planned structural approach to guide students in the context of enhancing their efficiency in learning the English Language, moreover, it also germinates among students the capacity of creative thinking, analytical power, an aptitude to understand the politics of modernist existence and finally the spontaneous will to realize the responsibilities of civic and citizenship, irrespective of the radical change that has occurred in the socio-cultural scenario compared to the earlier times.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Globalization - Essay Example However, financial integration exposes countries to the risk faced by their trading partners. The crisis in Mexico, where its trading partner US shed $6 billion to cover its debt, manifests how a superpower like US become extremely concern of the economic affects of Mexico’s default which is expected to bring negative spillovers. The Asian financial crisis in 1997, is another reminder of how globalization ties nations together in facing risks. Through the effort of World Bank, the financial crisis in Asia was contained boosting the confidence of investors. However, the risks present in the financial market were highlighted by the collapse of Moscow stock market. The real effects of globalization in world economies cannot be significantly measured by the inflow of goods, services, and capital within trading partners. It can be ascertained by looking at its long term effect on environment, income distribution, and other aspects in society. The late 1990s witnessed the proliferation of anti-globalization groups which reveals the consequences of having a free market. Accordingly, globalization widens the income disparity between the upper and the lower class. In developing countries, this is highly elucidates as globalization becomes a tool in destroying the balance in income distribution. Anti-globalization groups argue that globalization is only beneficial to first world countries like the US. In developing countries, globalization provides opportunities only for the elite class.

In the light of reverences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In the light of reverences - Assignment Example Different people see this mountain in different ways, so they use it according their own needs and ways of life. America is a country where everyone has a right for his/her own perception of such things like the Shasta mountain, but no one is an absolute owner of the land. 3. If I were a policy maker of the Park Service I would decide in favour of the Wintu tribe people. I consider that if their native land is not a reservation now we should leave them a chance to decide what to do at least with their sacred place. We can organize a ski resort on the hill of some other mountain while the history of this tribe is closely connected with this very place. Judging from what the Wintu people said about this mountain I can conclude that for them this place is much more important, because if the tribe is deprived of this mountain and the sacred spring it means that the people of Wintu are robbed of the opportunity to save their authentic culture, traditions and the core of their legends and history, while the other do not lose something

Sketches Bill Cleggs and Mathew Dickmans prescription for eudaimonia Essay

Sketches Bill Cleggs and Mathew Dickmans prescription for eudaimonia - Essay Example For this reason, Aristotle’s ethics and politics are both heavily focused on virtue (Gallager, 2010). According to Rorty (1980, pp.07), Eudemonia essentially involve just the activity of the theoretical intellect of human life and action and accordance with the broader excellence of moral virtues and practical wisdom. This view connects the eudemonia with the conception of human nature as composite, that is, as involving the interaction of reason, emotion, perception and action in a body full of soul. Ninety days is a short novel that situates a lot of drama into an easy to read 194 pages. This book covers the months following Cleggs decision to go into an inpatient facility to renounce cocaine and alcohol at age 34.  It’s the story of Cleggs battle to get back his life, an obvious and persuasive story of the opportunity of recovery. However, it sketches an overwhelming depiction of the loads of challenges one will tolerate on this journey. The twin brother of poet Michael Dickman, poet Matthew Dickman was born on August 20, 1975 grew up in Lents, a working-class suburb of Portland, Oregon. He was raised by his mother. He earned a BA at the University of Oregon after that he earned an MFA from the University of Texas at Austins Michener Center. Dickman’s unveiling collection, All American Poem (2008), was chosen by Tony Hoagland for the American Poetry Review’s Honickman First Book Prize in Poetry and also won the 2009 Oregon Book Award for Poetry. According to Perring (2012) Ninety Days  is a follow up to Cleggs tale of his decline into drug use and his ultimate entrance into drug rehabilitation. Bill Clegg discloses to his readers as he explain the laborious journey he took to attain his first 90 days of sobriety. Any person who has not gone through the experience of substance mistreatment would not be able to recognize how an individual feels who has exactly gone the whole thing. Actually it is a

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response Paper - Essay Example According to Yallop, although the official cause of sudden death was disclosed by the Vatican as heart attack, he allegedly uncovered information that revealed otherwise. Apparently, it was theorized that the pope was allegedly poisoned for reasons that range from uncovering anomalies in running and operating the Vatican Bank; as well as in his bold planned to end strict prohibition in the use of artificial birth control, one of the firm Catholic dogmas conservatively retained through the years. The book comprised of seven chapters where the first six were presented to provide an effective overview of Albino Luciani’s background, the kind of man he truly is, and the alleged facts surrounding operating the Vatican Bank (Yallop, 2007). Chapter 5 was devoted to the pope’s 33 days as Pontiff and leading to the fateful night when he was allegedly poisoned. Yallop specifically inferred that six men (Marcincus, Villot, Calvi, Sindona, and Gelli) connived to orchestrate the pop e’s death, to wit: â€Å"I am equally convinced that one of these six men had, by the early evening of September 28th, 1978, already initiated a course of action to resolve the problems that Albino Luciani’s Papacy was posing. One of these men was at the very heart of a conspiracy that applied a uniquely Italian solution† (Yallop, 2007, p. xxiv). ... The contents were highly sensitive leaning towards suggesting the possibility of murder, connivance, and cover-ups within the strict confines of the Pope’s chamber – surely one of the most guarded global institutions given the authority and power relegated to the position occupying it. Likewise, the risks included tarnishing the writer’s reputation in case that his allegations were effectively proven wrong; as well as the reputation of the Vatican, the Catholic organization which Yallop alleged was filled with anomalous transactions and shielded from public scrutiny. Apparently, the effect of the risk taking endeavor by Yallop yielded beneficial and rewarding results for him in terms of generating as much as 6,000,000 copies sold of the book (Yallop, 2007). Despite the optimistic side of his risk-taking pursuit, he was criticized for the veracity, credibility and reliability in the contents of his writing. According to an article published in The Telegraph, Damia n Thomson’s review of Yallop’s writing indicated that â€Å"Rome dismissed his book as trash†¦ Then along came John Cornwell, an 'independent' author unsympathetic to the Vatican, who checked out Yallop's case. It crumbled into dust like an ancient parchment exposed to sunlight. The 'murder' of John Paul turned out to be just another conspiracy theory, glued together with innuendo and non sequiturs. Cornwell's book A Thief in the Night, which demonstrated that John Paul I had died of natural causes, left Yallop's theory looking jolly silly† (Thompson, 2007, pars. 1 & 2). In the most current article referring to the official statement on the cause of Pope

Does Google Make Us Stupid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Does Google Make Us Stupid - Essay Example .......................................................... 15 10. Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 16 Reference 1. Introduction The internet has become one of the most pervasive technologies used and enjoyed by almost all people in the planet. It is also a media upon which various technologies, including search engines and social networking sites are being borne and developed. Google is one of these technologies. It is a search engine which was established in order to browse through the internet and search for information and for links into the different available interactions in the electronic world. The ease upon which information has been made available through Google has been a source of controversy among researchers and intellectuals, arguing that it is a technology which has now made people stupid. However, other intellectuals would also argue in the opposite direction, proclaiming that Goo gle does not make people, stupid; instead, it makes them smart and more imaginative in their knowledge about and of the world. This study shall discuss whether or not Google makes people stupid. First, a brief description of Google shall be introduced in this paper. Second, an analysis of the reasons why Google is making us stupid shall be presented. Third, an analysis of the reasons why Google is not making us stupid shall also be presented. Fourth, a position on this issue shall be discussed based on an analysis of the previous discussions and arguments. Lastly, a conclusion and summary shall end this discussion. Body 2. Brief history of Google In 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin established their search engine known as ‘BackRub.† This search...It is a search engine which was established in order to browse through the internet and search for information and for links into the different available interactions in the electronic world . The ease upon which information has been made available through Google has been a source of controversy among researchers and intellectuals, arguing that it is a technology which has now made people stupid. However, other intellectuals would also argue in the opposite direction, proclaiming that Google does not make people, stupid; instead, it makes them smart and more imaginative in their knowledge about and of the world. This study shall discuss whether or not Google makes people stupid. First, a brief description of Google shall be introduced in this paper. Second, an analysis of the reasons why Google is making us stupid shall be presented. Third, an analysis of the reasons why Google is not making us stupid shall also be presented. Fourth, a position on this issue shall be discussed based on an analysis of the previous discussions and arguments. Lastly, a conclusion and summary shall end this discussion. Body 2. Brief history of Google In 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin established their search engine known as ‘BackRub.† This search engine used various links to establish the importance of distinct web pages (Google, n.d).

Art and Architecture of Africa-Identification of terms Assignment

Art and Architecture of Africa-Identification of terms - Assignment Example It was common with ancient Egypt. It came to use under the kingdom of pharaoh Sneferu (Crouch, 34). In architecture, zoomorphic architecture refers to architecture that, designs tend to build buildings in resemblance of animals. In other contexts, it pertains to deity or being conceived in the form of an animal. In abstract terms, it represents or uses animal forms. Bet Medhane is a name that revolves around the ability of a person to possess tools to become an original person with a highly creative approach. Therefore, it is essential in art as much as originality is. Verdite is the name given to the two types of green stones found in South Africa, which are used in curving sculptures (PALMER, 5). Ankh is also known as the key of life and was associated with ancient Egypt as a representative of eternal life. Afo-A-Komis a wooden sculpture that was curved as sacred sculpture among the Kom people one of the tribes found in Cameroon (Kostof, 46). Wattle and Daub, on the other hand, refers to a building material used in making walls. It is important in architecture as it involve woven lattice of wooden strips in making beautiful walls. A white lady is a female ghost who has been known to be seen in rural areas across the world and associated with a local tragedy (Begg, 35). It forms part of modern art in acting and stage show movies. Apedemak refe rs to a lion headed warrior god who was known as one of the gods of the Nubia among the Meroitic

Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spirituality - Essay Example Regardless of this investment and pertinence, the impacts of anxiety and burnout on patient results, understanding security, and quality consideration are not decently characterized by confirmation. Actually, the connection in the middle of stress and burnout to patient results has been investigated in just four examinations. There is an awesome requirement for thorough studies that will analyze these motion in a manner that will yield more strong proof on which to base practice. From the emotionally healthy church stock, I think I can now resolve conflict in a reasonable, coordinate, and conscious way, not what I may have realized experiencing childhood in my family, for example, difficult putdowns, evasion, raising pressures, or heading off to an outsider instead of to the individual straightforwardly (Matt. 18:15 – 18).1 2 3 4 8. I am purposeful at working through the effect of noteworthy "tremor" occasions that molded my present, for example, the demise of a relative, a sudden pregnancy, separate, compulsion, or major money related calamity (Gen. 50:20; Ps. 51). I am ready to express gratitude toward God for all my past backgrounds, perceiving how he has utilized them to extraordinarily shape me into who I am (Gen. 50:20; Rom. 8:28 – 30). I can perceive how certain "generational sins" have been gone down to me through my family history, including character blemishes, lies, privileged insights, methods for adapting to agony, and unfortunate propensities in identifying with others (Ex. 20:5). I neednt bother with support from others to like myself (Prov. 29:25; Gal. 1:10). I assume liability and possession for my past life. From the spiritual assessment of the joint commission, patients need profound quality and trust from their relatives, medical caretakers and specialists. They are their prompt colleagues in spite of God being their supreme being. Most patients are always

Cormac McCarthys The Road Essay Example for Free

Cormac McCarthys The Road Essay A novel entitled The Road sparks the image of a journey, not necessarily one concerning movement, but an experience, where by the time you reach the destination you have either witnessed something or come-by certain things which may affect you as a person, changed the way you think or possibly had an effect on your personal ethics. For example, a mental journey, whereby somebody lives through a certain period in their life and comes out the other end with a new perspective and attitude, like in J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. Another type of journey is an actual physical one from A to B; at the destination in this type of journey one may feel a sense of achievement and arrive at B with scores of anecdotes and stories that can range from little events that make a good joke to events which may actually change you as a person. Writing about journeys like these is a genre of writing in its own right: Travel Writing, an example being John Steinbecks Travels with Charley. The third type of journey that I associate with the phrase The Road is the concept of being on an open road, simply going with no particular interest in where you may arrive, simply the journey itself has its importance. This may simply be on a whim or yearning for open road or maybe because of a need to travel, to not stop and just keep going and perhaps to get away from something, an example of this is the film Thelma and Louise. This is a key image in American Culture, not only featured in many novels and films but important simply because it represents a freedom to be who you want to be. The open road offers new horizons and the prospect to witness new and unexpected things. This idea represents the liberty and freedom found in America The way in which the protagonists travel in The Road is not the picture perfect, open road, free spirited adventure, they rarely travel on the actual road, to avoid being seen by others who may want their belongings and food. This was not a safe place. They could be seen from the road. The iconic concept of the open-ness and the freedom associated with it is no longer present in Cormac McCarthys America. The idea of the road being such a dangerous and deadly place and the paranoia of the man is installed firmly in the readers head by the fourth page, when it discusses the shopping trolley the man has in which he carries all his possessions, food, blankets and tarpaulin. On the handlebars of the trolley the man clamped a chrome motorcycle mirror that he used to watch the road behind him which shows that whoever is left in his world isnt to be trusted and its a fend for yourself environment with none of the trust and neighbourliness that America is famous for. In the post-apocalyptic world portrayed in The Road we see an utter breakdown in the sense of community and the love thy neighbour ethic for which America is renowned. In the book, the few people the man and child come across are treated with utter caution or are avoided altogether and people who need help are ignored. An example of this would be when they come across the man who has been hit by lightning and they dont help him. The son cries for his father to help the man, but he bluntly refuses and does nothing. This is an accurate account of how some people may react in todays world where help may not be given to the man by some people so as not involve themselves, but the good thing to do would, of course, be to seek medical help. Traditional American values would instruct that one do the good thing and aid the lightning struck man. Another good example of the lack of common ethics is when the stranger robs all their belongings and they run after him and not only get it back, but also take everything he has on him, including his clothes. The fact that the man and robber are prepared to leave the other to die of the cold and starvation, represents how McCarthys world has changed human nature and the love thy neighbour and do unto others only what you would want done to yourself ethics are left disregarded and one cares for no-one but themselves.. Im starving, man. Youd have done the same. You took everything. Come on man. Ill die. This proves my point that the people left will do anything to survive even if that worsens the chances of another individual. For me, the theme that is present throughout the book and had me contrasting McCarthys world to todays is the relationship between the father and son. The young child is, of course, dependent on his father for food, guidance and moral support like most children are today and this image is strong in America with the concept of a nuclear, wholesome family being very important. In the book, whilst the sense of community may have collapsed, the father-son relationship is very strong; they care for each other, keep each other company and the father brings the child up as best he can, but in Cormac McCarthys world nothing is left quite the same. What unsettled me was how freely the child spoke about their possible impending death and themes of a similar nature. The situation in which this child has been reared has left him matured beyond his years, an example showing this being when he asks his dad, You think we are going to die dont you? Were not going to die. Okay. The child is so unfazed by the topic and it strikes me as odd and proves how even something as simple as the carefree thoughts of a child have been distorted by the world and lifestyle of the people within the America McCarthy depicts. Within the story there are two scenes that are stuck in my mind because of their vividness and brutality. Firstly, when the father and son break into a house and find dismembered, burnt people locked in the basement, a man with his legs gone to the hip. These people are being held very much like poorly treated animals or cattle, probably to be eaten, because the people are so desperate for food they have resorted to what is one of the most taboo and strictly forbidden act in most societies, cannibalism. Also the setting of their incarceration is chilling and something only thought of in nightmares. Secondly, when the father and son come across the baby gutted and placed on the spit roast in preparation for a meal. America prides itself on the fact that its a free country. This phrase is thrown around a lot but it basically means that people there have a freedom to say and do what they want as long as it doesnt break the law. The people locked in the cellar certainly arent free and them being held captive shows how extreme people may have become out of starvation and desperation to survive disregarding their previously strong believe in freedom and equality. This is also interesting because it wouldnt be the first time slavery has been an issue in America. After the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which was passed in 1865, slavery was made illegal in America and equality reigns. The change was accepted after years of fighting and now America sees itself as a fair nation with racism and the plight of the black man as less of an issue, a good example being that the first black American President is going to be inaugurated January 20th of the coming year. Cormac McCarthys book portrays this ethic of us all being of the same level of importance being readily ignored by those in need to feed themselves and survive. In the news we often hear about anti-abortion lobbyists and pro-life rallies, especially in America. In Cormac McCarthys book the protagonists see a group of people travelling with impregnated women and then the man and son walk through the abandoned camp of these people and find a gutted baby on the spit-roast. If you put the two together the idea may strike you that women are being impregnated for the sole purpose of the meat theyll produce. In todays world this would be considered ungodly and unmentionable and not only brings up the topic of cannibalism but also the controversial theme of abortion which is utterly ignored in McCarthys world and the fact that it has gone beyond mere cannibalism but the actual production of babies for meat shows the pure desperation of some to survive and the ethical issue which is so very important today, ignored. In the scene the author refers to the baby itself very impersonally, as if its a piece of meat and nothing more. The author describes it as a human infant, headless, gutless and blackening on the spit, very brief and to the point much like one may have described it were it a common farm animal. If it werent for the human infant part it may well have been anything, the author does little to humanise the creature on the spit-roast. I think this may be simply to shield the reader and avoid the text being too explicit but also to show how this is largely commonplace in McCarthys world and that whilst shocking to the more good-willed protagonists, for some it is merely a case of survival. America is often referred to as the land of plenty, with its almost endless resources, especially of food. The poignant scene in which the father finds what could possibly be the last coke can on earth shows just how much has changed in McCarthys world and introduces the notion of how we take too much for granted. In the scene with the coke can the author describes drinks machinestilted on the floor, opened with pry bars. This shows the desperation of mankind for such objects like Coca Cola, which are integral to lifestyles in modern society and inexplicable to those who havent witnessed it. People now never think such ubiquitous items will run out. What makes the scene sadder is the fact that this iconic can which nowadays is seen in many pieces of pop-artwork, has hundreds if not thousands of adverts worldwide and is truly a universally recognized brand, isnt recognized by the child, showing how in McCarthys world this idea of a constant, ready supply of everything is simply no longer the case, especially with food. Throughout the book, punctuation is hardly used; with no speech marks and few commas and the father and son arent, at any point, referred to by name. I believe that this is to further the image that Cormac McCarthy is portraying; conveying the fact that the breakdown of society and nature is such that things like punctuation and the names of the characters, no longer are of any importance as there are more important things, survival for instance and by dropping things like the names it leaves the reader to focus more upon the father-son relationship and less on the more trivial details. The American Dream is the concept of everybody reaching his or her full potential and having the ability to fulfil their hearts desire, in the land of opportunity that America is famous for. People often immigrate to America to start a business or career in either the music industry or maybe acting. In the book rather than going to America in the hope of having it all, money, glamour, the sweet life, people are trying to leave because they have nothing. It shows how different this bleak world his and how everything has turned on its head. The phrase itself, American Dream was coined by James Truslow Adams in his book, published in 1931, called The Epic of America; in the book his definition for it is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone but in McCarthys world, for anyone surviving there is nothing left of the original values of America, the living are in some cases, hunted for food, their freedom compromised for fear and ultimately nothing remains as it was.

Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns Assessment

Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns Assessment Lalita bhandari Overall Introduction: I am presenting here my overall health assessment by using the Gordon’s functional health patterns. Then, my stress is presented as focused assessment. This part of assessment assist me in knowing the level of stress while the internet source help me in gaining more knowledge about causes , effects of stress in normal health status and the methods to reduce the stress or its management. Finally essay on the health promotion is presented at the last. Part 1: Self Health Assessment and plan Functional Health Pattern (Gordon) Biographical Data Name: Lalita Bhandari Address: 3/5 Danica Ct., Kearneys Spring Date of Birth: 13th Feb. 1992 Place: Nepal Age: 22 years Gender: Female Occupation: Student Marital status: Single Qualification: Bachelor in nursing (ongoing) Contact number: 0404473722 Height: 162 cm. Weight: 60 kg. Health perception and management pattern: Past health history: No history of any chronic illness Present condition: Stress due to study workload and homesickness -Immunized all the vaccines which include tuberculosis, all three doses of Diphtheria, Pertusis and Tetanus, polio, measles, BCG, hepatitis and Rubella. -No habit of alcohol consumption, smoking and chewing of tobacco and no use of other injectable drugs. Nutritional-metabolic pattern: Good appetite Food intake: 2-3 times a day and many snacks No any food allergies Fluid intake: 3-4 liters of water per day Have no difficulties with eating and swallowing Vitals (at the time of doing assignment) Temperature: 36.8 deg. centigrade Pulse: 74/min. Respiration: 78/min Blood Pressure: 110/60 mm of Hg. Height: 162 cm. Weight: 60 kg. But sometimes get disturbed with stress. Elimination pattern Bowel: regular bowel at least once daily Bladder: normal frequency of menstruation and no problem associated with bladder or urination Activity-Exercise pattern No planned routine for regular exercise regime Depends upon mood and only on leisure time but rare Sleep and rest pattern Normally no problem of insomnia Have 5-6 hours of sleeping pattern Never use of any sleeping aids and sedatives to rest But sometimes, when I get stress, I suffer from insomnia Cognitive-Perceptual patterns Good sensory and auditory adequacy No difficulties in learning Good memory Oriented Self-Perception and self concept patterns I am kind, helpful and soft-hearted Show positive attitudes towards others Respect others feelings But sometimes I feel losing hope when nobody cares. Roles and relationship pattern Family life: Recently I live with my friends as a family. I have responsibility towards my parents as a daughter and sister. I can cope with the difficulties that arise among family members and have good bond among all family members. Student life: Being a student, I have responsibility towards my studies. As with the case with most of international students I need to cope with various level of difficulties like stress, anxiety and workload. Coping-Stress tolerance pattern New environment, new face, new rules, new study patterns make me stress. always listen to songs, watch pictures/photos of my cell and also talk to my close friend and family. If the stress is too severe and cannot be controlled, I cry silently and let the stress burst out with tears and feel like relaxed then after. Values-Beliefs pattern Cultural and religious beliefs Goal set to be a qualified and dedicated Registered Nurse Punctual, obedient and hardworking Never give up and learn from every mistake and move forward Part B: Focused Assessment While performing self health assessment, I found some problems in my behavior, which is mainly caused by stress due to new environment, new place, new rules and regulation. Study and distance between me and my family are the other factors that lead to stress. In this focused assessment, I am focusing in assessing level of stress. I browse internet to gain more knowledge on my stress level. I assessed my stress level using â€Å"life change index scale/ The Stress Test†, written by Thomas H. Holmes and Richard H. Rahel. This stress test has three different rows including event, impact score and my score. As event adds up, there occurs increase in score. The higher the score, the chance of becoming ill will also be higher and also the change of returning back to normal health will decrease. LIFE CHANGE INDEX SCALE : THE STRESS TEST Life Change Units Likelihood Of Illness In Near Future According to the score interpretation presented above in the table, my level of score is 100 which is less than 150 so I have less risk of illness in my near future. In this way Homes and Rahes stress life change index scale helps me to assess my level of stress and help me in reducing the stress and promote my health. References Holmes, T. H., Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of psychosomatic research, 11(2), 213-218. Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~eap/library/lifechangestresstest.pdf Part 3 Internet Sources While doing my individual self assessment, i determine that stress is the main cause for detoriating my healthy living and daily activities. For promoting my own health, I have selected two internet sources to reduce my stress. As per the source, i came to know that stress is determined as the physical reaction to several events of our life in our daily way of living. Both the sources provide brief information about the stress, causes, management and technique to relief or cope with the stress. According to the helpguide.org, â€Å"stress is a normal physical response to events that make you feel threaened or upset balanc e in some ways†. Also with the help of the source i came to know that stress have both merits and demerits .These both explained about the stress and mainly focused on various strategies for stress management which include 4As-Avoid unnecessary stress , Alter the situation, Adapt the streesor and Accept the things cannot be changed. Similarly the article prep ared by University of South Australia also has been presented with more information about the management of stress. This source focuses mainly in different strategies of managing stress according to our body, mind, thinking and behaviour. As both the sources have the name of the author with the date and name of publication with more information , i found these are the reliable and trustworthy for me. I found both the sources important and informative in handling with the stress. References : Managing stress Monday (2013). Retrieved April 22, 2013, from http://w3.unisa.edu.au/counsellingservices/wellbeing/stress.asp Smith, M., Segal, R., Segal, J. (2013). Stress Symptoms, signs and causes. Retrieved http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm Part 4. Health Promotion Essay Health is considered to be the precious wealth of an individual. It is an important aspect of our life. According to the definition provided by World Health Organization, â€Å"Health promotion is the process of enabling people either individually or in group like community to increase control over, and to improve their health† as cited by Selekman,( 2006).Health is affected by various factors so that to promote the health a teamwork is required between health personal, community and other different sectors. Being a health person, Nurses play vital role for accessing the health of patients, identify their health needs and encourage them to promote their health in an effective way. This essay explains about the problems in student nurses health and the programs to promote their health. Nurses are the key persons to promote the health. They are well experienced either with the knowledge they gain or exposing with the patient of different health condition. According to Dempsey(2009), â€Å" Health promotion model is important for an individual to promote their health†. . According to Mary,Sally and Kathleen (2011) , the student nurse are known as the main person to identify health issues where low school performance and change in health status are found more common ,as cited by American Academy of Pediatrics Council on School Health (2008). This explains that the students are found to be more stressed which causes great changes in academic achievement and also their health status will detoriate. The student nurse may face problem like difficulty in identifying the problem in their clinical placement , sometimes hard even to understand the medical term. As per Fethiye and Fatos(2009),there are numerous factors that causes negative influence on decision making a nd nursing practices such as individual variables such as personal character traits and value , lack of knowledge and sensitivity about ethics and patients rights ,limited autonomy and unsatisfactory working . There are different approaches to health promotion and different health promotion model are in use. Health promotion model include characteristics models to promote environment where healthy decisions can be made about attaining high standard lifestyles reducing. According to Jennifer , fran and janat (2013) explain that the health-promoting behaviors of nursing students might be the key factor for their academic success and also facilitate them for post graduate practices . the health promotion behavior includes change in lifestyle , adjustment with new environment of study as well as hospital and development o, lifestyle, beliefs and thoughts, motivation health and promoting behavior. Practicing nurse can use these health f strength to cope with various people. According to Chambers and Thompson(2009), â€Å"empowerment is the other main focus on health promotion and participate† The student nurses should be encouraged to promote their health, change their behavior and also motivate them in changing their lifestyle and behavior and also reduce stress by avoiding , adapting the stressor and accepting the changes . At conclusion, there are many factors that cause stress in the student life of the nurses which causes problem in their health. There are many reasons to promote health. Encouragement helps nursing student to promote their health by brining change in their lifestyle Overall conclusion I have done my own self assessment with stress as a focused assessment. I found stress as a main factor that chauses change in my normal health status. Finally the essay on health promotion is presented at list of references the end of the assignment. List of References : Baisch, M. J., Lundeen, S. P., Murphy, M. (2011). Evidence-Based Research on the Value of School Nurses in an Urban School System. Journal Of School Health, 81(2), 74-80. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00563.x Retrived from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=95fefa95-373a-4bb3-a0d3-09b4b9baaf42%40sessionmgr4005vid=0hid=4212 Bektas, M., Ozturk, C. (2008). Effect of health promotion education on presence of positive health behaviors, level of anxiety and self-concept: Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal, 36(5), 681-690. doi:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.5.681 RETIREVED FROM http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=53bd6502-3b56-4fb0-9ad8-dfe19e80ee51%40sessionmgr4005vid=0hid=4212 Bryer, J., Cherkis, F., Raman, J. (2013). Health-Promotion Behaviors of Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Survey Analysis. Nursing Education Perspectives, 34(6), 410-415. doi:10.5480/11-614 RERIEVED FROM http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=394eddc7-bbd1-4e40-9b94-3546e235556b%40sessionmgr4004vid=1hid=4212 Dempsey,J., French ,J., Hillege,S., Wilson,V.(2009) . Fundamental of Nursing midwifery: A person centered approach to care,(5th ed). Lippincott Williams wilkins, broadway, NWS Erdil, F., Korkmaz, F. (2009). ETHICAL PROBLEMS OBSERVED BY STUDENT NURSES. Nursing Ethics, 16(5), 589-598 Holmes, T. H., Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of psychosomatic research, 11(2), 213-218. Retrieved from http://www.dartmouth.edu/~eap/library/lifechangestresstest.pdf Managing stress Monday (2013). Retrieved April 22, 2013, from http://w3.unisa.edu.au/counsellingservices/wellbeing/stress.asp Smith, M., Segal, R., Segal, J. (2013). Stress Symptoms, signs and causes. Retrieved http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm 1